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DBMS
database management system-single,self-defing store of data,data independent of access programme,supports multiple view of data,supports sharing of data,supports moinatoring and control of data.
some software:
SQLstructured query language)
Abbreviation of structured query language, and pronounced either see-kwell or as separate letters. SQL is a standardized query language for requesting information from a database. The original version called SEQUEL (structured English query language) was designed by an IBM research center in 1974 and 1975. SQL was first introduced as a commercial database system in 1979 by Oracle Corporation.
Historically, SQL has been the favorite query language for database management systems running on minicomputers and mainframes. Increasingly, however, SQL is being supported by PC database systems because it supports distributed databases (databases that are spread out over several computer systems). This enables several users on a local-area network to access the same database simultaneously.
Although there are different dialects of SQL, it is nevertheless the closest thing to a standard query language that currently exists. In 1986, ANSI approved a rudimentary version of SQL as the official standard, but most versions of SQL since then have included many extensions to the ANSI standard. In 1991, ANSI updated the standard. The new standard is known as SAG SQL.
DB2:
Short for Database 2, a family of relational database products offered by IBM. DB2 provides an open database environment that runs on a wide variety of computing platforms. A DB2 database can grow from a small single-user application to a large multi-user system. Using SQL, users can obtain data simultaneously from DB2 and other databases. DB2 includes a range of application development and management tools.
RDBMS:
Short for relational database management system and pronounced as separate letters, a type of database management system (DBMS) that stores data in the form of related tables. Relational databases are powerful because they require few assumptions about how data is related or how it will be extracted from the database. As a result, the same database can be viewed in many different ways.
An important feature of relational systems is that a single database can be spread across several tables. This differs from flat-file databases, in which each database is self-contained in a single table.
Almost all full-scale database systems are RDBMS's. Small database systems, however, use other designs that provide less flexibility in posing queries.

NETWORK
ISP-(internet service provider) it providing connection on computer.
in india(EX- airtel,icenet,etc more than150 isp)
CONNECTION;
1.dialup connection - ordinary phone connection
2.borad band -1.DSL (digital subscriber line)
2.cable(tv cable via)
3.wireless(GSM,CDMA,wi-fi,WAP-wireless access protocol)
4.satelilte (DTH via)
ROUTER:
it connect one network with another network (like LAN with WAN)
GATEWAY:
It is a device ,the acts a enterance to another network.
SERVER:
A server is a basically a programme that runs on a mechine and provides a specific service to all mechine that are connected to it.
1.FILE SERVER:Keep files and download and upload from it.
2.PROXY SERVER:It between web browser and real browser.
3.GROUPWARE SERVER:groupware server is software designed enable
user work together in a virtual atomsphere .
4.MAILSERVER:Move and store mail all access the internet.
5.CHAT SERVER:Making a chat.
6.DOMAIN NAME SERVERrocess sending data access the internet.
PROTOCOL:
protocol is set of rules that enables the exchanges of information btwn
to computer ,whatever they run on diferenting operating system.
TCPTransmission Control Protocol)
TCP is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks. Whereas the IP protocol deals only with packets, TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent.

HTTP: (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page.

The other main standard that controls how the World Wide Web works is HTML, which covers how Web pages are formatted and displayed.

HTTP is called a stateless protocol because each command is executed independently, without any knowledge of the commands that came before it. This is the main reason that it is difficult to implement Web sites that react intelligently to user input. This shortcoming of HTTP is being addressed in a number of new technologies, including ActiveX, Java, JavaScript and cookies.
FTPFile Transfer Protocol,)
FTP is the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet. FTP works in the same way as HTTP for transferring Web pages from a server to a user's browser and SMTP for transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these technologies, FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.
FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server (e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server).
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
SMTP is a protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another; the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client using either POP or IMAP. In addition, SMTP is generally used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server. This is why you need to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you configure your e-mail application.
ETHERNET:
A local-area network (LAN) architecture developed by Xerox Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976. Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies the physical and lower software layers. Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous demands. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN standards.

A newer version of Ethernet, called 100Base-T (or Fast Ethernet), supports data transfer rates of 100 Mbps. And the newest version, Gigabit Ethernet supports data rates of 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second.

Domain name system;
this a how internet should work on the binary format
like IP-87.248.113.14 -> www.yahoo.com

A Cellular Generation
There is no escaping them. They are everywhere such as in the stores, at the movies, in restaurants, in church, even in the classroom. And just what is this causing the constant buzzing in your ears and the persistent ringing in your head? Teenagers with cell phones! It seems that everywhere you turn there is a giggling, gasping, gossiping girl or a babbling, bellowing, blaspheming boy chattering away at a buzzing, ringing, palm-sized piece of plastic. In a national study by Teenage Research Unlimited, it was reported that nearly six million teenagers own a cell phone today (Lee,“Tailoring Cell Phones for Teen,” par. 7). Where has this craze come from? Why the obsession over wireless phones? While cell phones cater to the modern teen’s addiction to instant gratification, the “need-to-know-NOW” syndrome, they also serve as a mark of status, maybe a representation of maturity and certainly as source of comfort to an insecure and developing teenager.

Before cell phones were the hip thing it was pagers. And before that, it was little electric diaries with which you could beam messages to your friend sitting on the other side of the classroom. If you were really cool, you had one with voice recognition that

. . .
America has become almost dependent upon them. Such things have given teens raised expectations of speedy service. ” In many ways the cell phone has taken the place of God in some people’s lives. ] For the fact is that all idols appear to work – at first.

While thirty-three percent of teens own cell phones now (“Have Cell Phones Changed Society?”, sec. In adherence to the popular trend of individuality (catch the irony?) teenagers want more colorful and interesting cell phone options such as ring tones, face covers, logos, games, emails and text messaging. Webster’s Dictionary defines an idol as “that on which the affections are strongly (often excessively) set; an object of passionate devotion; a person or thing greatly loved or adored. These choices allow them to personalize their precious communication devices. It means people care about them and love them. Who has more messages,

which is liked more? Many times teens will leave their phones on at inappropriate times and in inappropriate places, such as class or the movie theater, hoping that it will ring and others will see that they are popular.

A History of Linux
A young college student named Linus Torvalds started Linux in 1991. He started this as a hobby based on Minix, a small version of Unix. His goal was to expand on the abilities of Minix and allow for a system that exceeded its capabilities. In 1991 he released version 0.2, the first version of the Linux kernel. He continued work on his project steadily until the release of version

. . .
4 and it continues to be updated every day. The beanbag of joy we now know as TUX was created and sat representing Linux in his own unique way. The penguin was to be sitting because he felt that had it just gorged itself the penguin wouldn’t want to be standing, it would want to sit down and relax. This was decided because it is his favorite animal. He also felt that it should look like it is slightly overweight so that it looks as if it had just gorged itself on herring. He felt that the penguin should look very content, not angry or ferocious, or even overly happy, just content. It was decided by Linus Torvalds that the mascot would be a penguin. Linus went through each of these and did not see anything that represented the operating system well. As of January 2001 Linux had reached version 2. After many letters from Linus to numerous people the logo was designed to his specifications. During the contest many people entered their versions of what it should look like.

Hacking, Cracking, Phreaking
The American Heritage Dictionary defines it as: To work as a hacker. We hear about it a lot but many's understanding of it is very vague. Hacking, its been around for more then a century and has caused many problems for people. Many are frightened by the word but for good reasons. Hacking is just a general term. There are many subdivisions to it but today I am going to talk about three primary divisions: Hacking, Phreaking, and Cracking. What do these divisions consist of you might ask? Well that is what I am here to tell you. I will give you a short history on hacking and explanation of each subject.

In the beginning hackers was a positive term for someone who mastered computers and could push programs to their limit and beyond. Now we see them as a threat but are they? Some people use hackers to see how penetrable their information is or to act as sheriffs to their information. Even the people, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, founders of Apple computers started as hackers. But as always there is an opposite side to the good side. Hackers can find a way to our credit card numbers, change valuable information on our records, or just make our lives miserable. In the American Heritage Dictionary a hacker is defined as a

. . .
Do you believe them? Some hackers have hacked into banks and transferred up to 70 million in computer related heists. In 1968, ARPANET was founded, which stood for Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Phreaking, a common term used to describe phone hackers.

There are two general methods to hacking: WetWare and technical. The technical method is used by ways of cracking passwords or finding exploits in networks and using these errors to their advantage to gain access to a system network. These types of hackers are known for their abilities to make evaluation copies of applications, those programs that expire within 30 days usually, fully registered and they can also find a way to get the fullness out of demos. It is even available at Barnes & Noble. Only 3,000 people subscribe but over 40,000 get it off the newsstands. This magazine has everything to learn how to phreak and anything else relating to hacking.